11 Upper Cervical Screw Fixation Techniques: How to Avoid Complications Han Jo Kim and Jin Sup Yeom Introduction A variety of techniques have been described for upper cervical fixation….
10 Adjacent Segment Pathology of the Cervical Spine Babak Khamsi, Sandeep Gidvani, and Jeffrey C. Wang Introduction The number of cervical and lumbar fusions that have been performed has…
5 Posterior Cervical Minimally Invasive Microendoscopic Foraminotomy Albert P. Wong, Tarek Y. El Ahmadieh, Zachary A. Smith, Nader S. Dahdaleh, and Richard G. Fessler Introduction Cervical spondylosis is a…
7 Cervical Disk Arthroplasty Justin W. Miller and Rick C. Sasso Introduction Cervical disk arthroplasty is meant to serve several key purposes. The primary goal is restoration of normal…
PART I: THE BRAIN Introduction to the form and structure At first glance the brain seems to be composed only of the two cerebral hemispheres (Figure 3.1). Although they are…
Introduction The lower limbs are the supporting pillars when we stand. A pillar must have strength and must not collapse under the weight above. The bones, joints and muscles together…
Introduction The forearm and wrist provide the base for the fine skilled movements of the fingers and thumb. Objects and tools must be held in a particular orientation for their…
Framework and support: the connective tissues The overall function of connective tissue is to unite or connect structures in the body, and to give support. Bone is a connective tissue…
Introduction The shoulder forms a foundation from which the whole of the upper limb can move. Acting like the cab of a crane, the shoulder allows the hand to be…
Introduction The trunk is the central axis of the body. The limbs use the trunk as the base on which to move. When the body is upright, the trunk supports…
