Sacral Fractures
15 Sacral Fractures Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Fractures of the sacrum make up ~ 1% of all spinal fractures. The sacrum is formed by the fusion of the…
Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebral Compression Fractures
11 Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebral Compression Fractures Stewart Kerr, Andrew K. Simpson, and Andrew P. White Thoracic and lumbar compression fractures are of a bimodal etiology. Most osteoporotic compression fractures…
Thoracolumbar Distraction-Extension Injuries
16 Thoracolumbar Distraction-Extension Injuries Y. Raja Rampersaud Thoracolumbar distraction-extension injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of injury is the opposite of the more common flexion-distraction injuries and involves hyperextension. The extension…
Facet Fractures
10 Facet Fractures Ryan R. Janicki, Marcel F. Dvorak, and James S. Harrop Facet fractures account for ~ 7% of all cervical spine fractures. Ninety percent of injuries occur at…
Cervical Radiculopathy
18 Cervical Radiculopathy Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Cervical disk degeneration is a normal part of aging and is found in ~ 85% of individuals by the seventh decade…
Occipito-Atlantal Injuries
1 Occipito-Atlantal Injuries Andrew J. Schoenfeld and Christopher M. Bono Injuries at the occipito-atlantal (OA) junction exist on a spectrum, from simple posterior ligamentous strain to fracture of the occipital…
Thoracolumbar Fracture Dislocations
14 Thoracolumbar Fracture Dislocations Moshe Yanko and Steven C. Ludwig The thoracolumbar spine is a complex morphological structure that provides a challenging task regarding the evaluation and management of a…
Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures
12 Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures George M. Ghobrial, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and James S. Harrop Thoracolumbar junctional burst fractures include spinal injuries between the T11 and L2 vertebral levels that result…
Cervicothoracic Fractures and Dislocations
9 Cervicothoracic Fractures and Dislocations Norman B. Chutkan and Jonathan A. Tuttle Fractures of the cervicothoracic junction account for 9% of all cervical fractures. These injuries can frequently be missed…
Atlanto-Axial Instability
3 Atlanto-Axial Instability Andrew J. Schoenfeld and Christopher M. Bono The atlanto-axial (AA) junction is one of the most mobile joints in the entire spine, accounting for ~ 50% of…
