7 Cervical Distraction-Extension Injuries Amirali Sayadipour and D. Greg Anderson Cervical distraction-extension injuries (CDEIs) are responsible for 5–22% of all structurally significant traumas to the subaxial cervical spine. Surprisingly, there…
4 Odontoid Fractures Harvey E. Smith, Raymond W. Hwang, Jeremy S. Smith, and Alexander R. Vaccaro Odontoid fractures are the most common cervical spine fracture in the elderly, and their…
2 C1 Ring Fractures Gregory Gebauer, Michael A. Pahl, Chadi A. Tannoury, and D. Greg Anderson Fractures of the C1 vertebra, or atlas, make up 2–13% of all spine fractures…
5 Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of the Axis (Hangman’s Fracture) D. Greg Anderson and Gregory Gebauer Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis, or hangman’s fracture, refers to a fracture through the neural arch…
6 Flexion-Compression Injuries of the Cervical Spine John M. Beiner Classification The classification of cervical spine injuries has evolved considerably in the last decade. Previous classification schemes have relied on…
8 Cervical Facet Dislocations Gregory Gebauer and Brett A. Taylor Facet dislocations are flexion-distraction injuries to the cervical spine that result from high-energy trauma. Motor vehicle crashes and falls are…
Chapter 5 Testing the Muscles of the Upper Extremity Scapular Abduction and Upward Rotation Introduction to Scapular-Thoracic Muscle Testing Scapular Elevation Scapular Adduction Scapular Depression and Adduction Scapular Adduction and…
Chapter 6 Testing the Muscles of the Lower Extremity Hip Flexion Hip Flexion, Abduction, and External Rotation with Knee Flexion Hip Extension Hip Extension Test to Isolate Gluteus Maximus Hip…
Chapter 7 Assessment of Muscles Innervated by Cranial Nerves Jacqueline Montgomery Introduction to Testing and Grading Extraocular Muscles Muscles of the Face and Eyelids Nose Muscles Muscles of the Mouth…
Chapter 4 Testing the Muscles of the Trunk and Pelvic Floor Trunk Extension Lumbar Spine Thoracic Spine Lumbar and Thoracic Spine Elevation of the Pelvis Trunk Lateral Endurance Trunk Flexion…
