50 Atypical Infections of the Spine: Tuberculosis and Fungal Sergey G. Mlyavykh Tuberculosis (TB) and fungal infections are the most common atypical spine infections. Since the advent of antitubercular drugs…
63 Intervertebral Disk Arthroplasty of the Lumbar Spine Fernando J. Checo, Larry Lee, and Harvey E. Smith Chronic lower back pain (CLBP) is an ailment of high prevalence in the…
27 Thoracic Disk Herniation Matthew G. Zmurko Thoracic disk herniations are less frequent than cervical and lumbar herniations because the thoracic spine has increased stability provided by the thoracic rib…
22 Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Gregory Gebauer, Maurice Goins, and Alan S. Hilibrand Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a condition in which bone forms within…
24 Cervical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Injections and Procedures Richard Derby, Irina L. Melnik, and Kwan Sik Seo Chronic neck pain in the adult general population has 26% to 71% lifetime…
52 Medical Management of Spinal Osteoporosis Daniel Mazanec and Tagreed M. Khalaf Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength that predisposes to fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD)…
23 Cervical Whiplash Brett A. Braly, Antonia F. Chen, Ishaq Y. Syed, and Joon Y. Lee Whiplash is defined as an injury caused by a flexion-extension energy mechanism that is…
34 Failed Back Syndromes Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Those with a poor outcome (persistent low back and extremity pain) following lumbosacral spinal surgery are often said to have…
17 Cervical Disk Degeneration Kanit Chamroontaneskul Cervical disk degeneration is commonly a matter of gradual, age-related deterioration of the intervertebral disks, but the condition is also affected by lifestyle, genetics,…
28 Lumbar Disk Disease and Low Back Pain Brian C. Werner and Adam L. Shimer Lumbar degenerative disk disease (DDD) and low back pain (LBP) are common conditions, with more…
