Musculoskeletal Key

34 Failed Back Syndromes Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Those with a poor outcome (persistent low back and extremity pain) following lumbosacral spinal surgery are often said to have…

17 Cervical Disk Degeneration Kanit Chamroontaneskul Cervical disk degeneration is commonly a matter of gradual, age-related deterioration of the intervertebral disks, but the condition is also affected by lifestyle, genetics,…

28 Lumbar Disk Disease and Low Back Pain Brian C. Werner and Adam L. Shimer Lumbar degenerative disk disease (DDD) and low back pain (LBP) are common conditions, with more…

15 Sacral Fractures Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Fractures of the sacrum make up ~ 1% of all spinal fractures. The sacrum is formed by the fusion of the…

11 Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebral Compression Fractures Stewart Kerr, Andrew K. Simpson, and Andrew P. White Thoracic and lumbar compression fractures are of a bimodal etiology. Most osteoporotic compression fractures…

16 Thoracolumbar Distraction-Extension Injuries Y. Raja Rampersaud Thoracolumbar distraction-extension injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of injury is the opposite of the more common flexion-distraction injuries and involves hyperextension. The extension…

10 Facet Fractures Ryan R. Janicki, Marcel F. Dvorak, and James S. Harrop Facet fractures account for ~ 7% of all cervical spine fractures. Ninety percent of injuries occur at…

18 Cervical Radiculopathy Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Cervical disk degeneration is a normal part of aging and is found in ~ 85% of individuals by the seventh decade…

1 Occipito-Atlantal Injuries Andrew J. Schoenfeld and Christopher M. Bono Injuries at the occipito-atlantal (OA) junction exist on a spectrum, from simple posterior ligamentous strain to fracture of the occipital…

14 Thoracolumbar Fracture Dislocations Moshe Yanko and Steven C. Ludwig The thoracolumbar spine is a complex morphological structure that provides a challenging task regarding the evaluation and management of a…