Musculoskeletal Key

If the nutritional index is equal to zero or negative, oral or parenteral hyperalimentation must be given. If a patient loses more than 5 kg of weight before an elective…

Fig. 6.1 Muscle architecture PCSA of a muscle is calculated using the formula Muscles with small pennation angle and long muscle fiber size (e.g. hamstrings and tibialis anterior) provide large…

Fig. 33.1 Bone strength consists of bone density and bone quality Osteoporosis is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture….

Fig. 19.1 A monolateral external fixator showing progressive destabilization process for enhancing fracture healing, before (a) and after (b) removal of some components of the external fixator Introduction Fracture healing…

Fig. 23.1 Basic concept of tissue engineering. The use of a combination of cells, scaffolds, and growth factors improves or restores biological function Anatomy of the Cartilage, Subchondral Bone, and…

Fig. 4.1 A1, A2 3- and 6-noded triangular elements; B1, B2 4- and 8-noded isoparametric elements; C1, C2 8- and 20-noded isoparametric three-dimensional brick elements On one hand, computations for…

Fig. 21.1 The histologic structure of the growth plate Reserve Zone This zone, which is the closest one to the epiphysis, contains chondrocytes, either singly or in pairs. These chondrocytes…

A 70-old-male patient was admitted to the emergency room with a history of falling at home and inability to walk. An intertrochanteric fracture of the right femur was confirmed by…

A 54-year-old female patient was admitted to our outpatient clinic with the complaint of bilateral knee pain, morning stiffness, and decreased walking distance. The diagnosis was bilateral grade 2 osteoarthritis….

Fig. 37.1 Pain pathways from peripheral to cerebral cortex and treatment targets External stimuli are received via specialized neurologic structures called sensation receptors. Receptors are intensively located in the skin…