Musculoskeletal Key

O2) τ of young people is ~20 seconds with maximal values of pO2 being reached within ~80 seconds. During high-intensity exercise aerobic resynthesis of ATP gradually increases with time and…

The foot has a “complex” anatomy with several bones adjacent to each other, thus projecting over each other on plain radiographs and complicating the decision of a correct diagnosis in…

Pectoralis major Lower trapezious Upper trapezius Levator scapulae Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Lattisimus dorsi The assessment of these muscle imbalances of tight and weak muscles needs to be analyzed to ascertain if…

Glenohumeral joint dislocation is a common sports injury, which occurs most frequently from indirect trauma with the shoulder forced into abduction and external rotation, causing an anterior dislocation. It can…

s.” The aristocratic young men devoted considerable time to practicing various athletic endeavors to be contested at religious festivals. They also received education in music, letters, and philosophy. The word…

In this chapter, we shall review the GH/IGF-1, HPG, and HPA axes, initially focusing on developmental changes that occur as a child ages and matures and then moving to a…

Growth can be thought of in terms of a journey, the curve in Figure 2.1 describes the distance traveled from birth to 18 years of age; from the figure you…

Comparisons of site-specific loading in young jockeys (mean age 19 years) with age-matched controls showed lower bone strength at the tibia. However, at other occupationally specific sites such as the…

with respect to who is affected by injury, where and when injuries occur, and what is their outcome. The study of the distribution of varying rates of injuries (i.e., who,…

In Artistic Gymnastics, mechanical load acts on the biological response matrix in a single or a multiple series over seconds, hours, days, weeks, and years. The mechanical exercise stimulus (MES)…