Musculoskeletal Key

CHAPTER 108 Surgical Procedures for the Control of Chronic Pain F. Todd Wetzel, MD, Michael Saulino, MD, PhD The results of surgical therapy for chronic benign pain syndromes are poor.1,2…

CHAPTER 23 Idiopathic Scoliosis Fernando E. Silva, MD, Ronald A. Lehman, Jr., MD, Lawrence G. Lenke, MD Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common cause of spinal deformity; 80% of all…

CHAPTER 65 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Gordon R. Bell, MD Degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) was first described in 1930 by Junghanns, who coined the term pseudospondylolisthesis to describe the presence of forward slippage…

CHAPTER 82 Vertebral Artery Injuries Associated with Cervical Spine Trauma Adam L. Shimer, MD, Alexander R. Vaccaro, MD, PhD Vertebral artery injury (VAI) due to blunt cervical trauma is often…

CHAPTER 59 Posterolateral Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy Christopher A. Yeung, MD, Anthony T. Yeung, MD Posterolateral endoscopic lumbar surgery is a less invasive surgical procedure to address lumbar pathology in the…

CHAPTER 50 Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Alan S. Hilibrand, MD, Harvey E. Smith, MD The intervertebral disc space is an environment that is conducive to fusion because of the advantageous…

CHAPTER 67 Principles of Bone Fusion Krzysztof B. Siemionow, MD, George F. Muschler, MD Spinal fusion may be defined as a bony union between two vertebral bodies following surgical manipulation….

CHAPTER 105 Pharmacologic Strategies in Back Pain and Radiculopathy Lokesh B. Ningegowda, MD, Nagy A. Mekhail, MD, PhD Back pain is a major health problem in the United States. About…

CHAPTER 102 Arachnoiditis and Epidural Fibrosis Robert F. Heary, MD, Antonios Mammis, MD Spinal arachnoiditis is a nonspecific inflammatory process of the arachnoid layer of the spinal cord or cauda…

CHAPTER 36 Cervical Spondylosis Pathophysiology, Natural History, and Clinical Syndromes of Neck Pain, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy Sara Jurek, MD, Raj D. Rao, MD Degenerative changes at the cervical discs and…