42 Ankle fractures MURRAY D. SPRUIELL AND CYRIL MAUFFREY Introduction Epidemiology Classification Treatment Non-operative management Operative management Open fractures Outcome Conclusions References INTRODUCTION The current trend of an increasingly aging…

27 Carpal fractures and dislocations ANDREW D. DUCKWORTH Introduction Epidemiology Classification Anatomical considerations Clinical assessment Treatment Complications Conclusions References INTRODUCTION There is a dearth of literature relating to carpal fractures…

36 Femoral diaphyseal fractures JOYCE S.B. KOH AND TET SEN HOWE Introduction Epidemiology of femoral fractures in the elderly Classification and mechanism of injury Associated injuries Diagnosis Assessment and preparation…

26 Distal radius and ulnar fractures MARGARET M. McQUEEN Introduction Classification Epidemiology Risk factors Assessment Treatment Complications References INTRODUCTION Fracture of the distal radius is the most common fracture encountered…

38 Patellar fractures OLIVIA C. LEE AND MARK S. VRAHAS Introduction Epidemiology Classification Clinical assessment Treatment Conclusions References INTRODUCTION The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body….

24 Proximal forearm fractures and elbow dislocations ANDREW D. DUCKWORTH Introduction Epidemiology Classification Clinical assessment Treatment Elbow dislocations Conclusions References INTRODUCTION Fractures to the proximal forearm account for over 10%…

37 Distal femoral fractures ELEANOR DAVIDSON AND CHARLES M. COURT-BROWN Introduction Epidemiology Open fractures Classification Anatomy Surgical approaches Treatment Mortality Suggested treatment References INTRODUCTION Surgeons have understood the complexities of…

20 Proximal humeral fractures STIG BRORSON Introduction Epidemiology Imaging Classification Treatment Non-surgical treatment Surgical treatment Treatment of two-part fractures Treatment of three- and four-part fractures Complications Author’s preferred treatment Conclusions…

40 Tibia and fibula diaphyseal fractures LEELA C. BIANT AND CHARLES M. COURT-BROWN Introduction Epidemiology Classification Fracture morphology Treatment Management of open fractures Management of insufficiency fractures Management of periprosthetic…

39 Proximal tibial fractures MATTHEW D. KARAM AND J. LAWRENCE MARSH Introduction Epidemiology Classification Treatment Results Conclusion References INTRODUCTION In North America as our population ages, an increasing number of…