Abnormalities of Rate and Rhythm
Abnormalities of Rate and Rhythm Bryan Cannon NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM The sinus node is located in the upper portion of the heart at the junction of the superior vena cava…
Nutritional Anemias
Nutritional Anemias Paul L. Martin The important nutritional anemias result from dietary deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12. Deficiencies of other nutrients such as vitamins B6 and E…
Therapeutic Cardiac Catheterization
Therapeutic Cardiac Catheterization Charles E. Mullins Although very few procedures and/or specific devices are “approved” for use in pediatric and congenital heart lesions in the United States by the Food…
Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic Fever Galal M. El-Said Yasser M. K. Baghdady Howaida G. El-Said Rheumatic fever (RF) is a delayed, nonsuppurative sequela to upper respiratory infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. It…
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic Heart Disease Galal M. El-Said Yasser M. K. Baghdady Howaida G. El-Said Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), like rheumatic fever, is seen more commonly in areas where the standard of…
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy Jeffrey A. Towbin Neil E. Bowles Cardiomyopathies in children are major causes of morbidity and mortality, and since the late 1980s, limited improvements in outcome have been reported. However,…
Infective Endocarditis
Infective Endocarditis Richard A. Friedman Jeffrey R. Starke Infective endocarditis (IE) refers to a condition in which an organism or organisms infect the endocardium, valves, or related structures that have…
Myocarditis
Myocarditis Richard A. Friedman Jeffrey A. Towbin The term myocarditis refers to an inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. In 1984, a group of pathologists meeting in Dallas…
Congenital Coronary Artery Abnormalities
Congenital Coronary Artery Abnormalities David J. Driscoll NORMAL CORONARY ANATOMY The left main coronary artery divides into the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and the circumflex coronary artery (Fig….
Aortic Arch and Pulmonary Artery Abnormalities
Aortic Arch and Pulmonary Artery Abnormalities W. Robert Morrow Anomalies of the aortic arch and pulmonary arteries constitute a diverse group of malformations. The range of possible deviations from normal…
