Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral Valve Prolapse Victoria E. Judd Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cardiac disorder diagnosis, with childhood prevalence estimates of 0.5% to 17%. The overall prevalence in the…
Congenital Mitral Valve Disease
Congenital Mitral Valve Disease Janette F. Strasburger The left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve) includes the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets separated by their commissures, the chordae tendineae, and the…
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections Kent E. Ward Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) occurs when one or more, but not all, pulmonary veins connect anomalously to the right atrium, either…
Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation of the Aorta Mary J. H. Morriss Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital malformation characterized by a constriction of a segment of the aorta. Usually, an abrupt narrowing…
Pulmonary Valve Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum
Pulmonary Valve Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum Donald A. Riopel Pulmonary valve atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA:IVS) results in varying degrees of hypoplasia of the right ventricle and tricuspid…
Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis John P. Cheatham Obstruction of pulmonary blood flow may occur within the right ventricle, at the valve, or anywhere in the pulmonary arterial system. In general terms, pulmonary…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Charles E. Mullins The patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs normally as an essential structure in the fetus and becomes abnormal only when it persists after birth. In…
Ventricular Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect Carl H. Gumbiner Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common cardiac abnormality in children, with a prevalence of 1.5 to 2.5 per 1,000 live births. One-third…
Defects of the Atrial Septum, Including the Atrioventricular Canal
Defects of the Atrial Septum, Including the Atrioventricular Canal G. Wesley Vick III Louis I. Bezold Congenital defects of the atrial septum are common occurrences. They may be located in…
Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy
Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy Howard P. Gutgesell CARDIAC MALPOSITION The term cardiac malposition implies location of the heart anywhere other than in its usual position in the left hemithorax, or…
