Musculoskeletal Key

9Pediatric Elbow Fractures SEAN D. EARLY AND VERNON T. TOLO Elbow fractures are very common in children and often pose significant treatment challenges. Physical examination can be difficult, given the…

10Sternoclavicular Injuries STEVE SCLAMBERG AND JEFF VISOTSKY Sternoclavicular injuries are infrequent but often devastating.1–4 Because of its medial location and strong ligamentous supports, this joint, the only major connection between…

12Distal Clavicle Fractures and Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries STEPHEN J. FRANZINO, JEFFREY T. WATSON, AND RAFFY MIRZAYAN Injuries to the distal clavicle and acromioclavicular joint frequently fare well with minimal intervention…

2Radial Head Fractures NIKOLAOS T. ROIDIS, STAMATIOS A.PAPADAKIS, THEOFILOS KARACHALIOS, RAFFY MIRZAYAN, AND JOHN M. ITAMURA Fractures of the radial head are a very common injury of the elbow joint,…

4Olecranon Fractures NEIL HARNESS, DAVID RING, AND JESSE B. JUPITER The olecranon process of the proximal ulna enhances the stability and strength of the elbow. Its subcutaneous position and attachment…

5Intra-articular Distal Humerus Fractures VAHÉ PANOSSIAN, CHARALAMPOS ZALAVRAS, RAFFY MIRZAYAN, AND JOHN M. ITAMURA Although intra-articular distal humerus fractures constitute less than 2% of all fractures treated, there has been…

8The Post-traumatic Stiff Elbow: Overview and Management FRANK S. CHEN, RAFFY MIRZAYAN, AND JOHN M. ITAMURA Upper extremity function is largely dependent on a functional elbow joint, as the elbow…

7Soft Tissue Coverage of the Elbow FRANCES SHARPE, MILAN STEVANOVIC, AND JOHN M. ITAMURA Soft tissue defects about the elbow are potentially disabling injuries, leaving exposed bone, joint, or tendon….

6Open Fractures, Infections, Non/Malunion, and Heterotopic Ossification of the Shoulder and Elbow CHARLES N. MOON, RAFFY MIRZAYAN, CHRISTOPHER SHEAN, AND JOHN M. ITAMURA Open Fractures Open fractures about the shoulder…