Back Pain in Children and Adolescents
CHAPTER 21 Back Pain in Children and Adolescents Lori A. Karol, MD The prevalence of back pain in children and adolescents is increasing. Although it is assumed that pediatric back…
Complications of Spinal Surgery
CHAPTER 94 Complications of Spinal Surgery John G. Heller, MD, Reginald S. Fayssoux, MD The number of things that can go wrong during spinal surgery is daunting because at every…
Fixed Sagittal Imbalance
CHAPTER 74 Fixed Sagittal Imbalance Peter D. Angevine, MD, MPH, Patrick T. O’Leary, MD, Keith H. Bridwell, MD Fixed sagittal imbalance is a condition that occurs as a result of…
Syringomyelia
CHAPTER 93 Syringomyelia David M. Benglis, Jr., MD, Andrew Jea, MD, Steve Vanni, DO, Barth A. Green, MD Syringomyelia, or cavitation within the substance of the spinal cord without an…
Architectural Design and Function of Human Back Muscles
CHAPTER 3 Architectural Design and Function of Human Back Muscles Anita Vasavada, PhD, Samuel R. Ward, PT, PhD, Scott L. Delp, PhD, Richard L. Lieber, PhD Spinal muscles generate movements…
Lumbar Disc Disease
CHAPTER 45 Lumbar Disc Disease Gunnar B.J. Andersson, MD, PhD, Ashok Biyani, MD, Steven T. Ericksen, MD The location of the anatomic pain generator in patients with low back pain…
Lumbar Nucleus Replacement
CHAPTER 52 Lumbar Nucleus Replacement Hansen A. Yuan, MD, Qi-Bin Bao, PhD, Anthony T. Yeung, MD, Phillip S. Yuan, MD, Michael Dahl, PhD Parallel to the development of lumbar artificial…
Congenital Scoliosis
CHAPTER 22 Congenital Scoliosis Paul D. Sponseller, MD, Beverlie L. Ting, MD Congenital scoliosis is a progressive three-dimensional deformity of the spine caused by congenital anomalies of the vertebrae that…
The Immature Spine and Athletic Injuries
CHAPTER 29 The Immature Spine and Athletic Injuries Robert Eilert, MD Most spine injuries in athletically active children and adolescents are chronic, resulting from repetitive demand on the immature spine…
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
CHAPTER 48 Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Richard D. Guyer, MD, Jamieson Glenn, MD Low back pain has long been noted to be one of the most disabling conditions in the…
