Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 32.1 Lower trapezius 32.1.1 Functions 1. Scapular depression and adduction   2. Extension of the thoracic vertebra   3. Most important role for shoulder function and posture maintenance  …

Level 1 <20 % strength Level 2 21–40 % strength Level 3 >40 % strength 31.1.3 Equipments for the Exercise The following equipments will be needed for exercises introduced in…

Fig. 33.1 The two critical instances of potential injury during the throwing motion. (a) The moment of full arm cocking when the shoulder reaches maximal external rotation. During this moment,…

Fig. 27.1 Osteochondritis dissecans during the initial asymptomatic phase. Upper: the elbow at AP 45° of flexion (tangential view). Lower: the elbow in oblique view at 45°. Yellow arrow: lesion….

Fig. 17.1 Arthroscopic view of a left shoulder through a posterior portal. This patient has sustained more than 50 subluxations. The axillary nerve is clearly identifiable (white asterisk). There is…

Fig. 28.1 Moving valgus stress test 28.4 Essential Radiology The workup of medial elbow pain in the overhead athlete begins with an anteroposterior and lateral radiograph of the elbow. Radiographs…

Fig. 9.1 Hara test scoring sheet Fig. 9.2 In the scapula–spine distance test, the distance from the medial edge of the scapular spine to the spinous process of the thoracic…

Fig. 23.1 Acromioclavicular joint injuries. Type I: AC sprain, few fibers torn. Type II: disruption of the acromioclavicular ligaments with coracoclavicular ligaments intact. Type III: disruption of the AC and…

Fig. 24.1 Anatomy of the biceps pulley. The CHL and SGHL blend together with the upper fibers of the subscapularis anteriorly, while the CHL blends with the anterior fibers of…

Fig. 14.1 Sternal lift. This maneuver is performed standing with the trunk and knees slightly flexed (a). The patient is instructed to extend the hips and trunk and retract the…