Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland Rubina A. Heptulla NORMAL THYROID DEVELOPMENT AND THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS The thyroid gland first appears in the fourth week of gestation as an epithelial proliferation and invagination of…
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus David W. Cooke Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose and lipid regulation caused by a combination of decreased insulin effectiveness at the cellular…
Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus Leslie P. Plotnick Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is a common, serious disease of children and adolescents. The diagnosis usually is straightforward, but long-term management…
Neuroendocrine Disorders
Neuroendocrine Disorders Thomas Moshang Jr. Adda Grimberg Neuroendocrinology, the study of the body’s homeostatic control mechanisms, examines the interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems. Both neurons and endocrine cells…
Childhood Obesity
Childhood Obesity William H. Dietz Childhood obesity has now become the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in the United States. Estimates from the 1999–2000 National Health and…
Growth, Growth Hormone, and Pituitary Disorders
Growth, Growth Hormone, and Pituitary Disorders Leslie P. Plotnick Ryan S. Miller Problems related to growth are commonly observed in pediatric practice. Short stature can be defined as height more…
Puberty and Gonadal Disorders
Puberty and Gonadal Disorders Leslie P. Plotnick Dominique N. Long Because the range of normal onset and progression of puberty is broad and is different in boys and girls, pediatricians…
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands John L. Kirkland INTRODUCTION The parathyroid glands promote calcium homeostasis through a sensitive and complex self-regulating system. The intricacy and stability of this system are remarkable. Nonetheless, defects…
Hepatic Steatosis
Hepatic Steatosis William J. Cochran Hepatic steatosis is a common entity that frequently goes unrecognized in the pediatric population. The term hepatic steatosis is used to describe excessive fat in…
Portal Hypertension
Portal Hypertension William J. Cochran The portal vein is formed at the junction of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. The inferior mesenteric vein joins with either the…
