Epidemiology of the Cerebral Palsies
Half of the most severe cases of cerebral palsy (CP) survive to adulthood, but because this longevity is relatively recent, there is no empirical experience of their life expectancy past…
The Adult with Cerebral Palsy
Advances in medical and surgical care over the past 20 years have resulted in children who formerly would have died at birth or infancy now surviving well into adulthood, many…
The Foot and Ankle in Cerebral Palsy
Clinical decision making for the management of foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy is based on the collection and integration of data from 5 sources: the clinical history, physical…
The Role of Gait Analysis in Treating Gait Abnormalities in Cerebral Palsy
Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) cannot take a normal activity like walking for granted. CP is the most common pediatric neurologic disorder, with an incidence of 3.6 per 1000 live…
Management of Spinal Deformity in Cerebral Palsy
An understanding of the three-dimensional components of spinal deformity in children with cerebral palsy is necessary to recommend treatments that will positively affect these patients’ quality of life. Management of…
Surgery of the Upper Extremity in Cerebral Palsy
Functional activities of the upper extremity are limited in most individuals with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). However, surgical interventions are applied in less than 20% of pediatric patients with…
Assessment and Treatment of Movement Disorders in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in childhood. Orthopedic care depends on the appreciation and the identification of muscle tone abnormalities and how they affect growth and development…
Management of the Knee in Spastic Diplegia: What is the Dose?
This article discusses the sagittal gait patterns in children with spastic diplegia, with an emphasis on the knee, as well as the concept of the “dose” of surgery that is…
Management of Hip Deformities in Cerebral Palsy
Hip abnormalities affect most children with cerebral palsy. Dedicated surveillance programs have been shown to be effective means of identifying hips at risk and preventing pathologic dislocation. Patients who are…
Examination of the Child with Cerebral Palsy
This article describes the balanced combination of medical history, detailed physical examination, functional assessment, imaging, observational gait analysis, computerized gait analysis, and assessment of patient and family goals that are…
