The Foot and Ankle in Cerebral Palsy
Clinical decision making for the management of foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy is based on the collection and integration of data from 5 sources: the clinical history, physical…
Surgery of the Upper Extremity in Cerebral Palsy
Functional activities of the upper extremity are limited in most individuals with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). However, surgical interventions are applied in less than 20% of pediatric patients with…
The Adult with Cerebral Palsy
Advances in medical and surgical care over the past 20 years have resulted in children who formerly would have died at birth or infancy now surviving well into adulthood, many…
Management of the Knee in Spastic Diplegia: What is the Dose?
This article discusses the sagittal gait patterns in children with spastic diplegia, with an emphasis on the knee, as well as the concept of the “dose” of surgery that is…
Assessment and Treatment of Movement Disorders in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in childhood. Orthopedic care depends on the appreciation and the identification of muscle tone abnormalities and how they affect growth and development…
Management of Hip Deformities in Cerebral Palsy
Hip abnormalities affect most children with cerebral palsy. Dedicated surveillance programs have been shown to be effective means of identifying hips at risk and preventing pathologic dislocation. Patients who are…
Management of Spinal Deformity in Cerebral Palsy
An understanding of the three-dimensional components of spinal deformity in children with cerebral palsy is necessary to recommend treatments that will positively affect these patients’ quality of life. Management of…
The Role of Gait Analysis in Treating Gait Abnormalities in Cerebral Palsy
Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) cannot take a normal activity like walking for granted. CP is the most common pediatric neurologic disorder, with an incidence of 3.6 per 1000 live…
Examination of the Child with Cereb ral Palsy
This article describes the balanced combination of medical history, detailed physical examination, functional assessment, imaging, observational gait analysis, computerized gait analysis, and assessment of patient and family goals that are…
Classification Systems in Cerebral Palsy
Because of increasing interest in conducting large-scale, multicenter investigations into the epidemiology of cerebral palsy and its prevention and treatment, efforts have been made to establish a standard definition and…
