Syndactyly Carl R. Wagreich Renato J. Giorgini Tara L. Giorgini Syndactyly is defined as a congenital or acquired deformity in which webbing persists between adjacent digits from birth or secondary…

Ectrodactyly Cornelius M. Donohue The first description of central deficiencies was published in 1770 by Hartsinck, who reported on certain blacks called Touvingas, or “two-fingered Negroes,” in Dutch Guiana who…

Brachymetatarsia Michelle L. Butterworth Dennis E. Martin Brachymetatarsia, a shortened metatarsal, is characterized by premature closure of the growth plate (1,2). The exact cause of this early epiphyseal closure of…

Macrodactyly Thomas A. Brosky II ETIOLOGY Macrodactyly is a rare and uncertain congenital deformity of the hands and feet. The condition may occur unilaterally or bilaterally, and syndactyly can be…

Polydactyly Annette D. Filiatrault Polydactyly is a common congenital deformity defined as an excess of five digits in humans. It has racial and geographic predilections and may occur as an…

Ankle Equinus Michael S. Downey Jaclyn M. Schwartz Equinus deformity of the ankle has been classically described as a limitation of passive ankle joint dorsiflexion to less than a right…

Amputations Robert P. Taylor James L. Bouchard Linnie V. Rabjohn Lower extremity amputation (LEA) is one of the oldest known surgical procedures. Hippocrates wrote and described amputation surgical principles in…

General Entrapment Syndromes D. Scot Malay E. Dalton McGlamry Marija Ugrinich Acquired neuropathies in the lower extremities are common, and all nerves in the foot, ankle, and leg are susceptible…

Complex Regional Pain Syndromes and Related Disorders Jeffrey C. Christensen Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a term designated to encompass the terms reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia (1,2…

Triple Arthrodesis John A. Ruch Lopa Dalmia Patrick B. Hall The triple arthrodesis performed today is a variation of the procedure described by Ryerson in 1923 (1). Modifications have evolved…