Musculoskeletal Key

Pantalar Arthrodesis Travis A. Motley Brian B. Carpenter Historically, pantalar arthrodesis has been used to describe arthrodesis of the ankle and subtalar joint (now termed tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis). In modern literature…

Spasticity and Paralytic Disorders R. David Warren Spasticity was defined by Lance as a motion disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon…

Principles of Arthrodesis Sean Patrick Dunn Justin T. Meyer John A. Ruch HISTORY The use of arthrodesis for the correction of deformities is a cornerstone of podiatric surgery. From the…

Trephine Arthrodesis at the Midfoot Annette D. Filiatrault Trephine arthrodesis, or dowel fusion, is an in situ technique in which fusion can be accomplished without complete joint resection (1). It…

Old Syndesmotic Injuries Brian B. Carpenter Travis A. Motley Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries to the musculoskeletal system. Most ankle sprains involve the lateral ankle collateral…

Pes Cavus Surgery Craig A. Camasta Andrea D. Cass DEFINITION Pes cavus is a sagittal plane deformity of the foot that is characterized by a high arch foot type. Symptoms…

Arthroereisis Donald R. Green Mitzi L. Williams “Collapsing” pes planovalgus or flexible flatfoot is a complex pedal condition with numerous components. In its most significant form, it can lead to…

First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty John V. Vanore William G. Montross A. Louis Jimenez Jonnica S. Dozier First metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) arthroplasty is primarily performed today as a resectional arthroplasty with…

Flexible Valgus Deformity Kieran T. Mahan K. Paul Flanigan The flatfoot or pes valgus deformity is one of the most common problems challenging the foot and ankle surgeon today. From…

Acute Ankle Conditions Mark A. Hardy Gina A. Hild Ankle injuries occur in the United States at an incidence of 1 in 10,000 persons per day (1). The majority of…