Epidemiology of Youth Sports Concussion
The overall prevalence of concussion is high school sports is unknown. In general, concussions in this age range occur much more frequently in games than in practice. Also for sports…
The Pathophysiology of Concussions in Youth
Mild traumatic brain injury, especially sport-related concussion, is common among young persons. Consequences of transient pathophysiologic dysfunction must be considered in the context of a developing or immature brain, as…
The Paradox of Muscle Hypertrophy in Muscular Dystrophy
Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy in humans and syndromes in mice, dogs, and cats. Affected humans and dogs have progressive disease that leads primarily…
Aging of Human Muscle: Understanding Sarcopenia at the Single Muscle Cell Level
The loss of muscle mass with age, also known as sarcopenia, is a major scientific and public health problem. Muscle atrophy is associated with the loss of functional capacity and…
Nutrition Strategies to Improve Physical Capabilities in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
There is no current cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and palliative and prophylactic interventions to improve the quality of life of patients remain limited, with the exception of corticosteroids. This…
Exercise Testing in Metabolic Myopathies
Metabolic myopathies are a group of genetic disorders specifically affecting glucose/glycogen, lipid, and mitochondrial metabolism. The main metabolic myopathies that are evaluated in this article are the mitochondrial myopathies, fatty…
Neuromuscular Ultrasonography: Quantifying Muscle and Nerve Measurements
Neuromuscular ultrasonography can be used both descriptively and quantitatively in the evaluation of patients with neuromuscular disorders. This article reviews the quantitative use of this technology, particularly measurements of the…
New Opportunities and Novel Paradigms to Support Neuromuscular Research
This article provides an overview of the structure and function of the National Skeletal Muscle Research Center (NSMRC) at the University of California, San Diego, which is one of the…
Cardiac MRI in Muscular Dystrophy: An Overview and Future Directions
Cardiac complications are a common feature of many muscular dystrophies. Although many modalities (eg, ultrasound) provide exceptional efficacy for early diagnosis, repeated monitoring, and therapeutic management, MRI has become the…
Skeletal Muscle Edema in Muscular Dystrophy: Clinical and Diagnostic Implications
Muscle degeneration in muscular dystrophies often includes a period of edema before fatty replacement of muscle tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used successfully to characterize muscle and fat…
