Cervical Intervertebral Disk Arthroplasty
62 Cervical Intervertebral Disk Arthroplasty Mostafa H. El Dafrawy and Lee H. Riley Despite the high success rate and long-term track record of anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) for…
Posterior Lumbar Non-Fusion Devices
64 Posterior Lumbar Non-Fusion Devices Moe R. Lim, William C. Welch, Joon Y. Lee, Peter C. Gerszten, and Richard M. Spiro Normal function of the lumbar spine depends on segmental…
Penetrating Injuries to the Spine
72 Penetrating Injuries to the Spine Ashvin K. Dewan and A. Jay Khanna In a cohort of more than 24,000 patients studied by the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center,…
Bracing and Orthoses
71 Bracing and Orthoses Peter Lewkonia and Charles G. Fisher External immobilization of the spine has been used for centuries to treat spinal conditions from acute trauma to chronic deformity….
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring During Spine Surgery
67 Intraoperative Neuromonitoring During Spine Surgery Vidya M. Bhalodia, Anthony K. Sestokas, and Daniel M. Schwartz Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) is the continuous use of electrophysiologic recording techniques to identify…
Posterior Lumbar Minimally Invasive Surgery
59 Posterior Lumbar Minimally Invasive Surgery Sapan D. Gandhi and D. Greg Anderson Only a small number of patients with low back pain are considered candidates for surgical intervention. Surgical…
Pyogenic Infections of the Spine
49 Pyogenic Infections of the Spine Olga A. Perlmutter and D. Greg Anderson Purulent infections of the spinal column are relatively rare. Risk factors for a purulent spinal infection include…
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
39 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Daniel G. Kang and Ronald A. Lehman Jr. The Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) defines adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) as a lateral curvature of the spine having…
Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Cervical Spine
51 Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Cervical Spine William Ryan Spiker and Alpesh A. Patel Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that affects many soft tissues and organs…
Thoracoscopy
57 Thoracoscopy Dominick A. Tuason and Daniel J. Sucato Thoracoscopy is the endoscopic technique of gaining access to the intrathoracic cavity using small (~ 1–2 cm) incisions to enable surgical…
