Fossil of Pikaia gracilens, a 505-million-year-old creature, found in the Burgess Shale fossil beds in Canada. There is evidence of a notochord, a dorsal nerve, and myotome-like structure. Pikaia was…
Treatment Therapy Stage of symptoms Nonsurgical therapies Patient education Acute Activity modification Acute Behavioral therapy Acute and chronic Exercise therapy Subacute and chronic Oral medication Non-narcotic analgesic Acute Narcotic analgesic…
(1) Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Chemin de la Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Evolutionary Considerations…
Survival of luciferase-expressing stem cells following implantation into the intervertebral disc region. Stem cells expressing the luciferase gene were implanted in a caudal disc space in the rat. At each…
Fig. 11.1 A schematic overview of the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration demonstrating the involvement of IL-1 in driving the aberrant cell biology and processes involved in matrix catabolism and…
Fig. 16.1 Schematic representation of the innervation of normal (top) and degenerated (bottom) intervertebral discs (IVDs), as well as the origin of sensory nerve fibers that innervate them. In the…
Fig. 21.1 Schematic representation of gene targeting in mice. Embryonic stem cells (ES) are collected from mouse blastocysts (1). ES are cultivated in vitro (2) and a targeting vector is…
Fig. 3.1 Development of the notochord and nucleus pulposus. (a) The nucleus is derived from the notochord, a rod-shaped embryonic structure that lies under the neural tube. Sclerotome condenses around…
Fig. 8.1 Distinct domain structures and differential cell localization of ADAMTS and ADAM proteinases. The domain structures of ADAMTS5 and of a typical ADAM proteinase are shown in the context…
Fig. 6.1 The axial skeleton is hypoxic and expresses HIF-1α. (a) Characterization of hypoxia- inducible reporter mice (5XHRE-LacZ reporter). Note activation of the reporter construct in mesenchymal condensations by β-gal…
