Enhancing Disc Repair by Growth Factors and Other Modalities
Agent Target Effect Reference TGF-β Mature canine IVD PG synthesis increased up to 5X; higher in NP than AF Thompson et al. (1991) IGF-1 Mature canine IVD PG synthesis marginally…
Epidemiology of Lumbar Disc Degeneration
Author and year Sample size Race Age Gender Reduced signal intensity Reduced disc height Bulging Annular tears High-intensity zone Videman (1995)a 232 Finnish 49.3 (35–69) 100 % M L1/2 41.6…
Imaging Modalities for Studying Disc Pathology
Fig. 12.1 Representative proton T2 MRI (grayscale) and corresponding T1ρ maps (in color overlaid on grayscale T1ρ-weighted image) of the lumbar discs from a 52-year-old female (a) and a 35-year-old…
The Intervertebral Disc: Overview of Disc Mechanics
Fig. 2.1 Schematic representations of the adult intervertebral disc. (a) Midsagittal cross section showing anatomical regions. (b) Three-dimensional view illustrating AF lamellar structure (Adapted from Smith et al. 2011) The…
The Effects of Mechanical Forces on Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus Cells
Fig. 7.1 Static loading of the spine under a follower load configuration, resulting in a primarily axial compression of the intervertebral disc Based on how forces are distributed from organ…
Intervertebral Disc Herniation: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies
Fig. 19.1 Schema showing a cross section of the intervertebral disc and anatomy of the spinal cord and posterior vertebral processes. (Left) Normal anatomy showing labels identifying the intervertebral disc…
The Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus obesus) Model of Spontaneous, Age-Related Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Fig. 20.1 Representative light microscopic images of the aging sand rat lumbar disc: (a) Lumbar disc at 3 weeks of age: image shows nucleus pulposus filled with notochordal cells, annulus,…
Large Animal Models of Disc Degeneration
18.3 Types of Models Used in Intervertebral Disc Research Intervertebral disc research involving various regions of the spine has been useful in assessing the physical, histological, and biomechanical characteristics of…
Tissue Engineering of the Intervertebral Disc
, Paul Santerre2, Eric Massicotte3, 4 and Mark Hurtig5 (1) Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (2) Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University…
Genetic Basis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Fig. 10.1 Concepts of Mendelian inheritance. (a) In dominant inheritance, one parent carries the disease-causing allele D, with one copy sufficient to show the phenotype. Offspring who inherited the D…
