84 Clinical Features and Treatment of Scleroderma Francesco Boin, Fredrick M. Wigley Key Points Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem connective tissue disease affecting the skin and internal organs. The disease…
53 Synovial Fluid Analyses, Synovial Biopsy, and Synovial Pathology Hani S. El-Gabalawy Key Points Analysis of synovial fluid samples by leukocyte count, cytology, polarized microscopy, Gram stain, and culture provides…
21 Genetics of Rheumatic Diseases Peter K. Gregersen Key Points HLA molecules are among the most highly variable (polymorphic) proteins encoded in the genome. HLA variability is a major factor…
103 Osteonecrosis Christopher Chang, Adam Greenspan, M. Eric Gershwin Key Points Osteonecrosis affects younger patients more often than osteoarthritis and has significantly greater long-term morbidity. Corticosteroids constitute the most common…
96 Calcium Crystal Disease Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate and Basic Calcium Phosphate Robert Terkeltaub Key Points Dysregulated chondrocyte differentiation to hypertrophy and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) metabolism are central in pathogenesis of…
85 Inflammatory Diseases of Muscle and Other Myopathies Kanneboyina Nagaraju, Ingrid E. Lundberg Key Points Myopathies are a heterogeneous group of muscle diseases characterized by symmetric proximal muscle weakness and…
78 Enteropathic Arthritis Frank A. Wollheim, Monika Ronneberger Key Points The gut wall is a leaky barrier exposed to commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Microbiota are essential for maturation and regulation…
46 Shoulder Pain Scott David Martin, Thomas S. Thornhill Key Points Comprehension of functional anatomy allows diagnosis of most causes of shoulder pain on clinical examination. History and clinical examination…
94 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hyperuricemia and Gout Robert T. Keenan, Johannes Nowatzky, Michael H. Pillinger Key Points Uric acid is the biologically active end product of human purine metabolism….
86 Overlap Syndromes Robert Bennett Key Points Diffuse connective tissue diseases are usually associated with autoimmunity to spliceosomal components (U-RNPs, heterogeneous RNPs), nucleosomal components (nucleosomes, DNA, histones), and proteosomal components…
