Exercise and Fall Prevention
Fig. 11.1 Effect of one-leg standing exercise among older women. A one-leg standing exercise (balance exercise: performed for 1 min, 3 sets per day for 6 months) increased the one-leg standing time…
Skeletal Adaptation to Mechanical Strain: A Key Role in Osteoporosis
Fig. 1.1 The mouse noninvasive tibia axial loading model. (a) Overview of the experimental design. (b) Loading-related osteogenesis labeled by calcein green on the first day of loading and alizarin…
Osteoclast-Mediated Pain in Osteoporosis
Fig. 2.1 The mechanism of induction for cancer-induced bone pain. The acidic microenvironment created by activated osteoclast-stimulated nocicepotors, which results in skeletal pain as the mechanism observed for cancer-induced bone…
Effects of Vitamin D on Bone and Skeletal Muscle
Fig. 9.1 (a) Changes in BMD of the lumbar spine after 5 years of treatment with alfacalcidol alone (D) or alfacalcidol and elcatonin (D + ECT). Data are presented as the mean + standard error…
Spondylosis and Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures
Age AP-BMD L-BMD Mid-BMD FN-BMD TR-BMD WD-BMD Osteophyte score Disc score No. of vertebral fractures Age −0.218* −0.306** −0.254* −0.327** −0.328** −0.291* −0.027 0.016 0.295** AP-BMD 0.727*** 0.669*** 0.740***…
Vertebral Strength Changes as Assessed by Finite Element Analysis
Fig. 5.1 Schematic representation why small loss in BMD could result in big loss in mechanical strength of the whole bone and why small gain in BMD could contribute to…
Classification and Etiologic Dissection of Vertebral Segmentation Anomalies
Syndromes/disorders OMIM Gene Acrofacial dysostosisa 263750 Alagille syndrome 118450 JAG1, NOTCH2 Anhalta 601344 Atelosteogenesis III 108721 FLNB Campomelic dysplasia 211970 SOX9 Casamassima-Morton-Nancea 271520 Caudal regressiona 182940 Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasiaa 213980 CHARGE…
Somatic Mutations in Overgrowth Syndromes
Fig. 9.1 Timing and Genetic Consequence of de novo Mutations De novo mutation may occur at any time during embryonic development, ranging from prior to fertilization to after birth. Mutations…
Genetic and Environmental Interaction in Malformation of the Vertebral Column
Fig. 8.1 Radiographs showing (a) a case of SCDO with severe vertebral segmentation anomalies throughout the vertebral column (adapted from [51] with permission from Oxford University Press); and (b) a…
Neurofibromin in Skeletal Development
Fig. 2.1 Bone development cartoon (reprinted from publication title: Transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 459, with permission…
