Trauma of the Knee
Figure 7.1 Radiographs of a distal femoral physeal injury and fixation using two parallel screws A long leg cast should be applied for 4–6 weeks. 7.1.1.6 Follow-Up K-wire pin sites…
Sports Injuries in Children
Figure 11.1 Lateral radiograph demonstrating L5/S1 spondylolysis 1. Grade I—0–25% slip. 2. Grade II—26–50% slip. 3. Grade III—51–75% slip. 4. Grade IV—76–99% slip. 5. Grade V—Spondyloptosis,…
The Response to Injury in the Child & Bone Healing
Figure 1.1 The Salter-Harris classification (Reprinted with permission from Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010) 1.6 Physeal Injuries and Arrest 1.6.1 Epidemiology Physeal injuries are…
Paediatric Tibial Fractures
Figure 8.1 Proximal tibia physis anatomy 8.4.2 Diaphyseal Physis Ossifies at 7 weeks of gestation and extends proximally and distally to meet the other tibial physes. 8.4.3 Distal Tibial Physis…
Paediatric Femoral Fractures
Figure 6.1 Skeletal traction with distal femoral traction pin Immediate hip spica casting. Delayed hip spica casting after 10–14 days. Deciding on the type of fixation also varies with age….
Assessment of Femoral Geometric Strength in Osteoporosis Using Hip Structure Analysis
Fig. 4.1 Limitations of areal bone mineral density. One of the limitations of areal bone mineral density is not presented bone structure. DXA scanner generates a 2D projection image of…
The Geometry of Lower Extremity and Atypical Femoral Fractures
Major featuresb Located anywhere along the femur from just distal to the lesser trochanter to just proximal to the supracondylar flare Associated with no trauma or minimal trauma, as in…
Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis
Fig. 8.1 Causes of need for long-term care. The proportions of the top four causes in the Ministry National Livelihood Survey for 2011. The proportion of persons for whom care…
Back Extensor Strengthening Exercise and Osteoporosis
Fig. 12.1 Classification of spinal deformities (Modified from Itoi E.[24] with permission) 12.1.6 Kyphosis and Back Extensor Strength Spinal column is supported and moved with four major muscle groups including…
Collagen Cross-Links as a Determinant of Bone Quality
Fig. 3.1 Roles of collagen enzymatic and nonenzymatic AGEs cross-links. The strength of collagen fibers, aggregation of collagen molecules, is determined by collagen cross-links, which bond adjacent molecules. In an…
