56 Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Approaches D. Greg Anderson and Gregory Gebauer Modern minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques in the spine have focused primarily on the thoracolumbar spine. Current advances…
66 Spinal Imaging for Pseudarthrosis Daniel J. Blizzard, Qusai Hammouri, Joshua William Hustedt, and Jonathan Newman Grauer Failure of spinal arthrodesis or fusion leads to a condition called pseudarthrosis. Though…
68 Spinal Cord Stimulators for Back Pain David L. Penn, Chengyuan Wu, Steven M. Falowski, and Ashwini Sharan Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a highly versatile method of treating neuropathic…
37 Infantile Scoliosis Samuel R. Rosenfeld Infantile idiopathic scoliosis is a coronal plane deformity of the spine exceeding 10 degrees diagnosed prior to the age of 3 years. Weinstein prefers…
47 Metastatic Spinal Tumors Paul Kraemer and Rick C. Sasso The spine is the most common site of skeletal metastatic disease. Spinal metastases account for the majority of spinal tumors…
13 Thoracolumbar Flexion-Distraction Injuries Loukas Koyonos and Jeffrey A. Rihn Flexion-distraction injuries in the thoracolumbar spine are classically referred to as “seat belt injuries” or Chance fractures. They comprise 5–15%…
45 High-Grade Spondylolisthesis Gregory Gebauer, Michael A. Pahl, David T. Anderson, and D. Greg Anderson Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage of one vertebral body on the subadjacent vertebra. A high-grade…
38 Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis Peter G. Gabos Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (JIS) is defined as scoliosis with onset between ages 4 and 10 years. By definition, the term implies a lack…
21 Cervical Kyphosis Todd J. Albert Lordosis is the normal cervical posture, with the weight-bearing axis falling posterior to the vertebral bodies of C3 to C7, and this posture is…
