Musculoskeletal Key

Dance Richard Bachrach Dancers are a unique form of athlete. Although most injuries seen in dancers are similar to those encountered in all athletes, particularly aerobic exercisers, runners, and gymnasts,…

Golf Richard J. Emerson Kerry Graham Golf is enjoyed worldwide by millions of people each year and is considered one of the most rapidly growing sports. In 2002, 32.3 million…

Cycling P. Gunnar Brolinson Delmas J. Bolin Bicycling for transportation and fitness has enjoyed a resurgence in the United States in recent years. Once considered a children’s toy, the bicycle…

Hip and Pelvis 22.1 Anatomy William M. Falls Gail A. Shafer-Crane The pelvic girdle is composed of three joints that work together to provide mobility for the lower limb and…

Baseball Steven J. Karageanes Steve Scher OVERVIEW Baseball is one of the oldest and most popular spectator sports today. It has been played in the United States since the mid-1800s,…

Gait Analysis Paul Tortland A well-known physical therapist once said, “When the foot hits the ground, the mud hits the fan.” His point was that there are inextricable links between…

Thoracic Spine 20.1 Anatomy William M. Falls Gail A. Shafer-Crane The thoracic spine, which consists of the 12 thoracic vertebrae, contains the thoracic and upper lumbar portions of the spinal…

Lumbosacral Spine 21.1 Anatomy William M. Falls Gail A. Shafer-Crane The lumbosacral spine, consisting of the five lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx, contains the cauda equina (lumbar, sacral,…

The Wrist and Hand 19.1 Anatomy Gail A. Shafer-Crane William M. Falls Osteology of the wrist and hand is complex, and designed to maximize manipulative ability. The intricacy of the…

The Elbow 18.1 Anatomy Gail A. Shafer-Crane William M. Falls Three bones participate in the elbow joint, the humerus, radius, and ulna. The humerus widens and flattens as it approaches…