Column: Muscles, Aponeurosis, and Fascia
Fig. 1 Representations of the muscles of the vertebral column as per Spigelius (1685). Note the attention to detail in the presentation As early as 1685, Stenonis [10] described the…
Growing Spine
Fig. 1 (a) Thoracic vertebra. Transverse section. Fourth month of intrauterine life. The ossification centers are now in place in the future vertebral body and in the posterior arcs. (b)…
and Functional Evolution of the Aging Spine
Fig. 1 Lumbar disc , sagittal section; early degeneration, dehydrated and unstructured nucleus pulposus It remains difficult, so far, to clearly differentiate aging from pathological disc degeneration. However, it is…
of the Spine
Fig. 1 The three axes of the spinal movements The intervertebral joint is therefore an articulation with six degrees of freedom (DOF), three DOF in translation, and three DOF in…
Spinal Cord
Fig. 1 Organization of the spinal cord in metameric segments. Relationships with vertebrae and spinal nerves It has a cylindrical appearance , slightly flattened from front to back. Its average…
Spinal Canal
Fig. 1 Central spinal canal (or vertebral foramen) . (a) Sagittal section (b) Superior view. 1. Dorsal longitudinal ligament; 2. Spinolaminar line; 3. Yellow ligament; 4. Intervertebral foramen; 5. Pedicle;…
Normal and Pathological Spinal Muscle
Fig. 1 The four cervical muscle groups [1] Deep Muscles The deep muscles are pure intrinsic muscles. Longus Colli Longus colli is an anterior intrinsic muscle of the lower cervical…
Growth Cartilages of the Spine and Pelvic Vertebra
Fig. 1 Schmorl’s original drawing of a thoracic vertebra showing (a) the NCC and (b) the ring apophysis Fig. 2 Histology of the NCC: (a) active bipolar cartilage, (b) cartilage…
of the Spinal Meninges
Fig. 1 Embryo at 27 days post-conception , stage 12, transverse section, hematoxylin and eosin staining. The neural tube is surrounded by a mesenchyme without meningeal differentiation. Courtesy of Pr P….
Spinal Ligaments
Fig. 1 The 3 spinal columns in traumatology according to Denis [1]: (a) Anterior column, (b) Medium column (with posterior annulus), (c) Posterior column Certain ligaments have a protective function…
