Musculoskeletal Key

Pediatric Foot and Ankle Fractures Edwin J. Harris Management of pediatric skeletal injuries requires awareness of the unique anatomy and physiology of the immature skeleton and recognition that children are…

Ankle Malunions Bradley M. Lamm John E. Herzenberg Ankle deformities are congenital, dysplastic, developmental, or traumatic in origin. Patients with ankle deformities have isolated or combined osseous malalignment and soft…

Ankle Fractures Lawrence M. Fallat Thomas J. Merrill Zeeshan S. Husain Kittra T. Owens ANATOMY The ankle joint is simply not a hinged joint that gives uniplanar motion, but the…

Talar Avascular Necrosis Christopher F. Hyer William T. DeCarbo Avascular necrosis (AVN) or osteonecrosis is defined as a disease resulting from temporary or permanent loss of the blood supply to…

Talar Fractures John M. Schuberth Shannon M. Rush Meagan M. Jennings Although talar fractures are not particularly common, disruption of the integrity of this bone can be debilitating because of…

Supramalleolar Osteotomy Shannon M. Rush John M. Schuberth Realignment osteotomy of the distal tibia is a valuable surgical procedure for the treatment of distal tibial malalignment resulting from posttraumatic malunion,…

Lisfranc Injuries George F. Wallace Lisfranc injuries are relatively uncommon, yet missed upward of 20% of the time (1). The incidence has been reported to be 1 per 55,000 and…

Neglected Calcaneal Fractures George T. Liu Calcaneal fractures represent 2% of all fractures of the body and 60% of all tarsal bone fractures of the lower extremity (1,2). These fractures…

Calcaneal Fractures Meagan M. Jennings John M. Schuberth Calcaneal fractures account for about 2% of fractures and 60% of major tarsal injuries (1). Falls from a height account for 75%…

Fibular Lengthening Byron L. Hutchinson Major advances in the understanding and treatment of the ankle during the past 30 years have improved prognosis after ankle fracture (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 and 15). Prior…