Congenital Coronary Artery Abnormalities David J. Driscoll NORMAL CORONARY ANATOMY The left main coronary artery divides into the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and the circumflex coronary artery (Fig….
Aortic Arch and Pulmonary Artery Abnormalities W. Robert Morrow Anomalies of the aortic arch and pulmonary arteries constitute a diverse group of malformations. The range of possible deviations from normal…
Mitral Valve Prolapse Victoria E. Judd Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cardiac disorder diagnosis, with childhood prevalence estimates of 0.5% to 17%. The overall prevalence in the…
Congenital Mitral Valve Disease Janette F. Strasburger The left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve) includes the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets separated by their commissures, the chordae tendineae, and the…
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections Kent E. Ward Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) occurs when one or more, but not all, pulmonary veins connect anomalously to the right atrium, either…
Coarctation of the Aorta Mary J. H. Morriss Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital malformation characterized by a constriction of a segment of the aorta. Usually, an abrupt narrowing…
Pulmonary Valve Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum Donald A. Riopel Pulmonary valve atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA:IVS) results in varying degrees of hypoplasia of the right ventricle and tricuspid…
Pulmonary Stenosis John P. Cheatham Obstruction of pulmonary blood flow may occur within the right ventricle, at the valve, or anywhere in the pulmonary arterial system. In general terms, pulmonary…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Charles E. Mullins The patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs normally as an essential structure in the fetus and becomes abnormal only when it persists after birth. In…
Ventricular Septal Defect Carl H. Gumbiner Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common cardiac abnormality in children, with a prevalence of 1.5 to 2.5 per 1,000 live births. One-third…
