Abstract In this chapter, the posterior approach for injecting the zygapophysial joints (Z-joints) is described. Compared with the lateral approach, the posterior approach allows for access to multiple joint levels…
Abstract For ultrasound (US), a transverse in plane with long-axis confirmation technique at the level of the Chassaignac’s tubercle of C6 is described. By utilizing a hybrid fluoroscopic approach, US…
Abstract Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections are indicated to relieve radicular symptoms with or without axial neck pain from cervical nerve root irritation. The traditional approach to the epidural space…
Abstract Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections are indicated for radicular pain with or without axial neck pain. The interlaminar approach is well suited for delivering medication to bilateral and/or multilevel…
Abstract Contrast injected at the C6 level has consistently reached the C7-T1 interspace, which is the commonly accepted location of the stellate ganglion. Ideal injectate spread should extend inferiorly to…
Abstract Spinal cord stimulation was previously used as a “last resort” for patients who no longer had any other treatment options; however, it should be considered sooner in the treatment…
Abstract This chapter describes an extradural oblique technique for efficiently and safely accessing the thoracic disc. As with lumbar discography, the final needle tip target is the geometric center of…
Abstract The courses of the C8 and thoracic medial branch nerves are described in the introduction of Chapter 22 and demonstrated in Chapter 22D . A thoracic medial branch nerve…
Abstract The courses of the C8 and thoracic medial branch nerves are described in the introduction of Chapter 22 and demonstrated in Chapter 22D . Key Words back pain, diagnostic,…
Abstract Typically, intercostal blockade may be performed with a trajectory view angled superiorly toward the inferior aspect of the intended costal margin, followed by the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral fluoroscopic…
