Musculoskeletal Key

Cervical Radiculopathy Shawn M. Bifano John D. Koerner Alan S. Hilibrand Introduction Cervical radiculopathy is defined as a neurologic disorder resulting in pain in a radicular pattern to one or…

Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Amandeep Bhalla Jay M. Zampini Introduction Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a clinical condition characterized by symptomatic dysfunction of the cervical spinal cord resulting from pathoanatomical changes…

Metastatic Tumors Joseph H. Schwab Metastatic disease to the spine is a common problem which will most often be diagnosed and managed locally without referral to a tertiary facility. Orthopedic…

Primary Spinal Tumors: Benign and Malignant Theresa Pazionis Ilya Laufer Patrick Boland Mark H. Bilsky Introduction Primary tumors of the spine are rare and make up only a small percentage…

Pyogenic Infections of the Spine Sang Do Kim Andrea M. Simmonds Zeeshan M. Sardar Introduction Pyogenic infections of the spine include septic discitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, septic facet arthritis, and epidural…

Atypical Infections Shaleen Vira Nancy Worley Cyrus Jalai Peter G. Passias Introduction The most common etiology of an infectious process in the spine is a pyogenic infection from Staphylococcus aureus….

Surgical Site Infections Andrew J. Schoenfeld Andrew W. Cleveland III Introduction Surgical site infections are among the most common complications following spine surgery and may present in as many as…

Lumbar Spine Injuries and Sports Robert G. Watkins IV Marc A. Agulnick Camden B. Burns Mark G. Grossman Epidemiology Low back pain usually affects an athlete at some point. This…

Cervical Spine Injuries and Sports Marc A. Agulnick Camden B. Burns Robert G. Watkins IV Mark G. Grossman The cervical spine is a concerning site of injury in sports. Most…

Gunshot Injuries to the Spine Robert F. Heary John C. Quinn Introduction Civilian gunshot wounds have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Every year, approximately 100,000 Americans are victims…