Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis Trevor R. Schmitz Raj D. Rao The World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as having a bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip or spine that is less than…
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis Adam M. Lukasiewicz Jonathan N. Grauer Ankylosing spondylitis is the prototypical seronegative spondyloarthropathy and can lead to substantial spine-related disability. The hallmark of this condition is autofusion of…
Inflammatory Arthritides
Inflammatory Arthritides Jason C. Eck Scott D. Hodges While the majority of arthritic conditions of the spine are the result of degenerative arthritis, there are other types that can occur…
Adult Deformity
Adult Deformity Daniel G. Kang Keith H. Bridwell Adult spinal deformity encompasses various etiologies that contribute to an alteration in the three-dimensional structure of the human spine. Patients typically seek…
Adolescent Deformity
Adolescent Deformity Grant D. Hogue Michael P. Glotzbecker Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural deformity of the spine that is most often diagnosed just before or…
Pars Defects and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis
Pars Defects and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis Paul Anderson Michael A. Finn Pal S. Randhawa Anatomy The pars interarticularis, or isthmus, is the portion of bone between the superior and inferior articular…
Lumbar Disk Herniations, Discogenic Back Pain, and Cauda Equina Syndrome
Lumbar Disk Herniations, Discogenic Back Pain, and Cauda Equina Syndrome Dipak B. Ramkumar Niveditta Ramkumar Adam M. Pearson Lumbar Disk Herniations Anatomical Considerations The fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk acts primarily as…
Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis
Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis Vadim Goz William Ryan Spiker Relevant Anatomy Understanding the anatomy of the lumbar spine is key to understanding the pathophysiology and treatments of degenerative lumbar stenosis…
Degenerative Low Back Pain
Degenerative Low Back Pain F. Todd Wetzel Introduction Low back pain, presumably due to degenerative disease, is ubiquitous. Eighty percent of people experience an episode of low back pain at…
Thoracic Stenosis, Myelopathy and Radiculopathy
Thoracic Stenosis, Myelopathy and Radiculopathy Michael Moghimi Christopher M. Bono Thomas D. Cha Degenerative pathology of the thoracic spine can present in multiple ways, but usually with the constellation of…
