Fig. 1 Lumbar disc , sagittal section; early degeneration, dehydrated and unstructured nucleus pulposus It remains difficult, so far, to clearly differentiate aging from pathological disc degeneration. However, it is…
Fig. 1 The three axes of the spinal movements The intervertebral joint is therefore an articulation with six degrees of freedom (DOF), three DOF in translation, and three DOF in…
Fig. 1 Organization of the spinal cord in metameric segments. Relationships with vertebrae and spinal nerves It has a cylindrical appearance , slightly flattened from front to back. Its average…
Fig. 1 Central spinal canal (or vertebral foramen) . (a) Sagittal section (b) Superior view. 1. Dorsal longitudinal ligament; 2. Spinolaminar line; 3. Yellow ligament; 4. Intervertebral foramen; 5. Pedicle;…
Fig. 1 The four cervical muscle groups [1] Deep Muscles The deep muscles are pure intrinsic muscles. Longus Colli Longus colli is an anterior intrinsic muscle of the lower cervical…
Fig. 1 Schmorl’s original drawing of a thoracic vertebra showing (a) the NCC and (b) the ring apophysis Fig. 2 Histology of the NCC: (a) active bipolar cartilage, (b) cartilage…
Fig. 1 Embryo at 27 days post-conception , stage 12, transverse section, hematoxylin and eosin staining. The neural tube is surrounded by a mesenchyme without meningeal differentiation. Courtesy of Pr P….
Fig. 1 The 3 spinal columns in traumatology according to Denis [1]: (a) Anterior column, (b) Medium column (with posterior annulus), (c) Posterior column Certain ligaments have a protective function…
Fig. 1 Re-segmentation of the craniocervical region. Embryological origin of the base of the skull and the cranial part of the cervical spine. Note the contribution of the proatlas in…
Fig. 1 The body of the vertebrates is characterized by the existence of an anteroposterior corporeal axis and a cephalocaudal bipolarization. Head and neck complex—support of the CNS and sensory…
