Musculoskeletal Key

12 BONE Adam S. Tenforde, Emily Kraus, and Michael Fredericson OVERVIEW Attaining peak bone mass and strength is an important aspect of overall musculoskeletal health in both female and male…

5 SPINE Lisa Huynh, Patricia Z. Zheng, and David J. Kennedy INTRODUCTION Low back pain (LBP) is a widely prevalent condition, with documented lifetime prevalence rate as high as 90%…

9 TRAUMATIC KNEE INJURIES Steven A. Makovitch and Cheri A. Blauwet OVERVIEW Traumatic knee injuries are a common occurrence in sports medicine and may greatly impact an athlete’s health and…

19 SPORTS PULMONOLOGY Sindhura Bandi and Anand D. Trivedi PULMONARY SYMPTOMS DURING AND/OR AFTER EXERCISE Optimal exercise and athletic performance is contingent upon a healthy respiratory system. The respiratory system…

18 SPORTS CARDIOLOGY Gregory Cascino and R. Kannan Mutharasan INTRODUCTION Exercise can be viewed as the process whereby an individual does mechanical work on the environment to move the environment…

2 SHOULDER Chi-Tsai Tang and Scott Simpson EPIDEMIOLOGY Shoulder injuries are one of the most common injuries in sports. The incidence of shoulder injury naturally depends on the sport being…

3 ELBOW, WRIST, AND HAND Berdale Colorado INTRODUCTION Injuries of the elbow, wrist, and hand are common in the athletic population. Approximately 25% of all sports injuries involve injuries to…

8 NONTRAUMATIC KNEE INJURIES Cindy Y. Lin and Kelvin T. Chew INTRODUCTION While sex differences in traumatic knee injuries are more commonly described in the literature, a subset of nontraumatic…

11 RUNNING Eric Magrum, Siobhan Statuta, David Hryvniak, and Robert Wilder Running is one of the most common forms of exercise that is used by a wide variety of elite…

17 THE AGING ATHLETE Prakash Jayabalan SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE AGING ATHLETE Currently people over age 65 account for 12% to 13% of the total population, and by 2030 it…