Musculoskeletal Key

Type I Complete occlusion of radial or ulnar artery; decreased flow and narrowing in level 2 and 3 arteries Type II As I, but with stenosis of radial or ulnar…

Fig. 23.1 Bedside examination of nailfold demonstrates enlarged capillary loops and areas of dropout of capillaries typical of scleroderma In managing this patient it is recognized that she is at…

Classification of Raynaud’s phenomenon Key characteristics Primary Raynaud’s Familiar predisposition, young age of onset, lack of digital ulceration, absence of ANA Secondary Raynaud’s Connective tissue diseases Features of SSc, SLE,…

Fig. 5.1 RP. Schematic represention of RP demonstrating cold-induced constriction and vasospasm of the digital arteries, which precipitates a marked reduction in finger blood flow and contributes to the characteristic…

Fig. 4.1 The human cutaneous microvascular system. Three dimensional (3D) structure of the superficial microvascular system of human finger skin obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of corrosion casts [83]….

Carpal tunnel syndrome Associated with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon Associated with systemic sclerosis (in particular early, rapidly progressive diffuse cutaneous disease) Drugs and toxins Immunosuppressive agents Chemotherapeutic agents Drugs used in…

Outcome measure Primary outcome measure (number of trials) Other outcome measures assessed (number of trials) Frequency of attacks 11 [7, 8, 16–24] 5 [25–29] Duration of attacks 6 [7, 8,…

Fig. 20.1 Treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) Treatment Approach Indications for Drug Therapy Severe RP that is impacting quality of life despite non-pharmacologic therapy. Raynaud’s events with signs of ischemia–reperfusion…

Fig. 15.1 Illustration demonstrating principle of autoantibody identification by indirect immunofluorescence Fig. 15.2 Examples of IIF staining patterns that can be found in patients with RP secondary to autoimmune rheumatic…

Fig. 1.1 The cover page of Raynaud’s 1862 original medical thesis Pathogenetic Mechanisms Investigations into the pathogenesis of RP have been a long path lasting more than 150 years. Just…