Musculoskeletal Key

Acute Ankle Sprain, Chronic Ankle Instability, and Subtalar Laxity Gregory C. Berlet G. Alexander Simpson ACUTE ANKLE SPRAINS AND CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY PATHOGENESIS Ankle sprains are the most common sports-associated…

Heel and Subcalcaneal Pain Keith L. Wapner INTRODUCTION Pain about the heel is a common problem presenting to the orthopedic surgeon. Successful treatment depends on a proper identification of the…

Hallux Valgus, Hallux Varus, and Sesamoid Disorders Jeffrey A. Mann INTRODUCTION Hallux valgus deformity refers to a lateral deviation of the great toe at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Although…

The Diabetic Foot David E. Oji Lew C. Schon INTRODUCTION Far from being just a foot problem, the patient with diabetes mellitus requires an integrated multidisciplinary approach to address every…

Neuromuscular Disorders Michael J. Botte Orrin Franko Neuromuscular disorders that cause foot deformities are often divided into two main types: spastic and paralytic. Spasticity develops from injury to the upper…

Nerve Entrapment Syndromes Anish R. Kadakia Aaron A. Bare Steven L. Haddad Pain from nerve entrapment is often misdiagnosed and incorrectly understood. Nerve entrapment disorders of the foot and ankle…

Physical Examination and Orthotics Ryan C. Goodwin James J. Sferra Eva Asomugha PHYSICAL EXAMINATION A thorough history and physical examination constitute the cornerstone of any medical encounter that ultimately leads…

Anatomy and Biomechanics of The Foot and Ankle Constantine A. Demetracopoulos Jonathan T. Deland An understanding of the functional anatomy of the foot and ankle is mandatory if any meaningful…