Exercise and the Female Skeleton
Fig. 4.1 The functional model of bone development based on the mechanostat theory [20] and related approaches [19]. The feedback loop between bone deformation (tissue strain) and bone strength is…
Strategies to Promote Bone Health in Female Athletes
Fig. 10.1 Female sport participation increased from 7 % in 1972 to 41 % in 2009 as a result of Title IX However, many athletes remained undiagnosed according to the…
Neuroendocrine Abnormalities in Female Athletes
Fig. 6.1 Hormonal and other changes in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea. In patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea, there are alterations of hormones and other factors that affect the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing…
Sports Nutrition
Direct estimates of energy requirements, such as indirect calorimetry, require the use of costly equipment and other methods of calculating energy requirements require knowledge of an athlete’s lean body mass…
Future Directions and Research Agenda
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015Catherine M. Gordon and Meryl S. LeBoff (eds.)The Female Athlete Triad10.1007/978-1-4899-7525-6_11 11. Future Directions and Research Agenda Catherine M. Gordon1, 2 and Meryl S. LeBoff3, 4 (1) Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of…
Female Athlete Triad: Rehabilitation and Psychological Implications
6. Stop Sports Injuries. www.stopsportsinjuries.org. Last accessed 10 June 2014. 7. Gibbs JC, Williams NI, De Souza MJ. Prevalence of individual and combined components of the female athlete triad. Med…
Assessment of Bone Health in the Young Athlete
Fig. 5.1 DXA scan of the lumbar spine of a healthy 14-year-old girl. Areal BMD (aBMD) is calculated from BMC by dividing BMC by the projected area in the coronal…
The Menstrual Cycle
Test Finding Beta human chorionic gonadotropin Pregnancy FSH ↓ in HPO suppression ↑ in primary ovarian insufficiency LH:FSH May see >2:1 in PCOS Estradiol ↓ in HPO suppression TSH Thyroid…
Stress Fracture
X-ray MRI Treatment Grade 1 Normal Positive on STIR image only 3 weeks rest “Stress reaction” Grade 2 Normal Positive STIR plus positive T2 3–6 weeks rest “Stress injury”…
Eating Disorders
1. Age and female gender 2. Early childhood eating problems 3. Childhood obesity or overweight 4. Weight related teasing of the child/adolescent 5. Dieting 6. Perinatal adverse events (prematurity, small…
