Shoulder Orthopaedic Tests Shoulder Palpation Anterior Aspect Clavicle and Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular Joints Descriptive Anatomy The clavicle is slightly anterior and inferior to the top of the shoulder. The sternoclavicular…
Knee Orthopaedic Tests Palpation Anterior Aspect Patella, Quadriceps Femoris Tendon, and Patella Ligament Descriptive Anatomy The suprapatellar tendon anchors the patella to the anterior aspect of the knee superiorly. This…
Lumbar Orthopaedic Tests Palpation Spinous Processes Descriptive Anatomy The five lumbar spinous processes are large and easily palpable with the spinal column in the flexed position (Fig. 10-1). The fifth…
Hip Joint Orthopaedic Tests Palpation Iliac Crest and Anterior, Superior, and Inferior Iliac Spine Descriptive Anatomy The iliac crest is at the inferior margin of the flank from the anterior;…
Ankle Orthopaedic Tests Palpation Medial Aspect Medial Malleolus and Deltoid Ligament Descriptive Anatomy The medial malleolus is the most distal prominence of the tibia. It embraces the medial aspect of…
Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit from the brain and brainstem. These nerves innervate the face, head, and neck, controlling all motor and sensory functions in these areas,…
Miscellaneous Orthopaedic Tests Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency Peripheral arterial insufficiency may involve both the upper and lower extremities. It may be due to obstruction, traumatic occlusion, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, Buerger’s disease, or…
Thoracic Orthopaedic Tests Palpation Anterior Aspect Sternum Descriptive Anatomy The sternum, which lies at the anterior part of the chest wall, consists of three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid…
Cerebellar Function Tests Cerebellar dysfunction is an interruption of the integration of afferent sensory feedback and efferent motor output. Loss of joint position sense can produce some uncoordination, which can…
