22 Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Gregory Gebauer, Maurice Goins, and Alan S. Hilibrand Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a condition in which bone forms within…
24 Cervical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Injections and Procedures Richard Derby, Irina L. Melnik, and Kwan Sik Seo Chronic neck pain in the adult general population has 26% to 71% lifetime…
52 Medical Management of Spinal Osteoporosis Daniel Mazanec and Tagreed M. Khalaf Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength that predisposes to fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD)…
23 Cervical Whiplash Brett A. Braly, Antonia F. Chen, Ishaq Y. Syed, and Joon Y. Lee Whiplash is defined as an injury caused by a flexion-extension energy mechanism that is…
34 Failed Back Syndromes Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Those with a poor outcome (persistent low back and extremity pain) following lumbosacral spinal surgery are often said to have…
17 Cervical Disk Degeneration Kanit Chamroontaneskul Cervical disk degeneration is commonly a matter of gradual, age-related deterioration of the intervertebral disks, but the condition is also affected by lifestyle, genetics,…
28 Lumbar Disk Disease and Low Back Pain Brian C. Werner and Adam L. Shimer Lumbar degenerative disk disease (DDD) and low back pain (LBP) are common conditions, with more…
15 Sacral Fractures Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Fractures of the sacrum make up ~ 1% of all spinal fractures. The sacrum is formed by the fusion of the…
11 Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebral Compression Fractures Stewart Kerr, Andrew K. Simpson, and Andrew P. White Thoracic and lumbar compression fractures are of a bimodal etiology. Most osteoporotic compression fractures…
16 Thoracolumbar Distraction-Extension Injuries Y. Raja Rampersaud Thoracolumbar distraction-extension injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of injury is the opposite of the more common flexion-distraction injuries and involves hyperextension. The extension…
