Cervical Kyphosis
21 Cervical Kyphosis Todd J. Albert Lordosis is the normal cervical posture, with the weight-bearing axis falling posterior to the vertebral bodies of C3 to C7, and this posture is…
Spinal Cord Stimulators for Extremity Pain
69 Spinal Cord Stimulators for Extremity Pain David L. Penn, Chengyuan Wu, Steven M. Falowski, and Ashwini Sharan Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a method of treating neuropathic pain involving…
Surgical Treatment of the Osteopenic Patient
53 Surgical Treatment of the Osteopenic Patient Safdar N. Khan and Frank M. Phillips Within the next decade, spine surgeons will encounter an increasing number of patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis requiring…
Scheuermann Disease
42 Scheuermann Disease Haim D. Blecher Kyphotic deformities of the spinal column may result in overall sagittal imbalance and in turn may cause pain, affect gait, and affect neural structures…
Lumbar Radiculopathy
29 Lumbar Radiculopathy Matthew J. Goldstein and Jeff S. Silber The intervertebral disk (IVD) acts as a shock absorber between the bony vertebrae and makes up 25% of the total…
Congenital Scoliosis
36 Congenital Scoliosis John P. Lubicky Congenital scoliosis is a spinal deformity caused by incompletely formed or incompletely segmented vertebrae and has as its essential characteristic asymmetric growth. Other associated…
Post-Traumatic Thoracolumbar Kyphosis
43 Post-Traumatic Thoracolumbar Kyphosis David M. Neils, Arnima Bhasin, Daniel R. Fassett, and Jeff S. Silber Trauma to the spinal column, with or without injury to the spinal cord, has…
Cervical Myelopathy: Posterior Approach
20 Cervical Myelopathy: Posterior Approach Andrew K. Simpson, Stewart Kerr, and Andrew P. White Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in older individuals. The…
Minimally Invasive Anterior Cervical Approaches
55 Minimally Invasive Anterior Cervical Approaches Gregory Gebauer and D. Greg Anderson Although the traditional anterior Smith-Robinson approach to cervical disk pathology fulfills many of the goals of a less-invasive…
