Neurogenic Bladder
Neurogenic Bladder Neurophysiology – Bladder distention activates detrusor stretch (δ) receptors, which in turn activate the sacral micturition center at S2-4. During bladder filling, the intact cerebral cortex inhibits the…
PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION
Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY TBI is a serious public health problem in the United States. Each year, an estimated 1.7 million people sustain a TBI.1 Of them 52,000…
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Cord Injury EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TRAUMATIC SCI There are ≈12,000 new patients who survive SCI in the United States each year.1 Since 2005, the mean age at time of injury…
Movement Disorders
Movement Disorders Definition – A group of CNS degenerative diseases associated with involuntary movements or abnormalities of skeletal muscle tone and posture. They can be broadly classified as hypokinetic (too…
Electrodiagnostic Studies
Electrodiagnostic Studies Electrodiagnostic studies (also known as NCS/EMG or sometimes just EMG) include nerve conduction studies (NCSs or NCVs) and EMG. Other less commonly performed electrodiagnostic tests include somatosensory evoked…
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis Introduction and Epidemiology1 – MS is a CNS inflammatory disease of unknown etiology (thought to be autoimmune) that is characterized by areas of demyelination that are disseminated in…
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP, Guillain-Barré syndrome) – an acquired disease of autoimmune etiology characterized by ascending paresthesias and weakness that can progress to total body…
Physiological Changes With Aging
Physiological Changes With Aging Muscle Aging: Muscle power decreases by 3.5% per year and muscle strength decreases by 1.4% to 2.5% per year after the age of 60 years Immobility:…
Musculoskeletal/Sports/Orthopedics
Musculoskeletal/Sports/Orthopedics LIMB JOINT PRIMARY MOVERS Motion (ROM in degrees) Muscles Nerves Roots Shoulder flexion (180) Anterior deltoid Coracobrachialis Axillary Musculocutaneous C5, C6 C6, C7 Shoulder extension (45) Latissimus dorsi Teres…
