Fig. 23.1 Definition of a stem/progenitor cell. Criteria of stem/progenitor cell include clonogenicity, high proliferative capacity, self-renewal capability (from a single cell to reconstitute a tissue in which the cell…
Fig. 13.1 Sagittal T2-weighted lumbar MRI image demonstrating degeneration of the L4–5 intervertebral disc (white arrow). Water has high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI imaging. As the disc degenerates, it…
Agent Target Effect Reference TGF-β Mature canine IVD PG synthesis increased up to 5X; higher in NP than AF Thompson et al. (1991) IGF-1 Mature canine IVD PG synthesis marginally…
Fig. 12.1 Representative proton T2 MRI (grayscale) and corresponding T1ρ maps (in color overlaid on grayscale T1ρ-weighted image) of the lumbar discs from a 52-year-old female (a) and a 35-year-old…
Author and year Sample size Race Age Gender Reduced signal intensity Reduced disc height Bulging Annular tears High-intensity zone Videman (1995)a 232 Finnish 49.3 (35–69) 100 % M L1/2 41.6…
Fig. 2.1 Schematic representations of the adult intervertebral disc. (a) Midsagittal cross section showing anatomical regions. (b) Three-dimensional view illustrating AF lamellar structure (Adapted from Smith et al. 2011) The…
Fig. 7.1 Static loading of the spine under a follower load configuration, resulting in a primarily axial compression of the intervertebral disc Based on how forces are distributed from organ…
Fig. 19.1 Schema showing a cross section of the intervertebral disc and anatomy of the spinal cord and posterior vertebral processes. (Left) Normal anatomy showing labels identifying the intervertebral disc…
Fig. 20.1 Representative light microscopic images of the aging sand rat lumbar disc: (a) Lumbar disc at 3 weeks of age: image shows nucleus pulposus filled with notochordal cells, annulus,…
18.3 Types of Models Used in Intervertebral Disc Research Intervertebral disc research involving various regions of the spine has been useful in assessing the physical, histological, and biomechanical characteristics of…
