50 Posterior Tubular Endoscopic Cervical Laminectomy and Foraminotomy Albert P. Wong, Youssef J. Hamade, Zachary A. Smith, Nader S. Dahdaleh, and Richard G. Fessler 50.1 Introduction Cervical spondylosis is a…
53 Minimally Invasive Microsurgical Resection of Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Lesions Dragos Catana, Mohammed Aref, Jetan Badhiwala, Brian Vinh, Saleh Almenawer, and Kesava (Kesh) Reddy 53.1 Minimally Invasive Resection of T9–T10…
12 Transforaminal Epiduroscopic Laser Annuloplasty for Diskogenic Pain Victor Lo, Jongsun Lee, Ashley E. Brown, Alissa Redko, and Daniel H. Kim 12.1 Introduction Low back pain can affect up to…
2 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy: Transforaminal Approach Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Ketan Deshpande, Gun Choi, and Alfonso García 2.1 Introduction Kambin and Sampson in 19861 and Hijikata2 in 1989 performed nonvisualizing nucleotomy…
25 Endoscopic Removal of Intradural Extramedullary Space-Occupying Lesions Shrinivas M. Rohidas 25.1 Introduction The last two decades have seen the emergence of minimalism in spine surgery aimed at preventing approach-related…
28 Video Telescope Operating Monitor for Spine Surgery Doniel Drazin and Adam N. Mamelak 28.1 Introduction A recent advent in operative technology is the “exoscope.” This is a rigid rod…
40 An Endonasal Approach to the Craniocervical Junction Juan Barges Coll, Luis Alberto Ortega-Porcayo, and Gabriel Armando Castillo Velázquez 40.1 Background Several surgical approaches have been used to reach the…
21 Endoscopic/Percutaneous Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation Technique Faheem A. Sandhu, Josh Ryan, and R. Tushar Jha 21.1 Introduction The desire to minimize the surgical morbidity caused by excessive muscle dissection…
51 Endoscopic Approaches to Cervical Tumors, Trauma, and Infection Christopher C. Gillis and John O’Toole 51.1 Introduction As the decreased morbidity of minimal access (minimally invasive surgery, or MIS) approaches…
30 Surgical Techniques in Percutaneous Endoscopic Thoracic Diskectomy Gun Choi, Akarawit Asawasaksakul, and Alfonso García 30.1 Introduction In the era before MRI, symptomatic thoracic disk herniation was a rare condition…
