Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 28.1 Posteroanterior (a) and lateral (b) radiographs demonstrating L5–S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion with titanium lordotic cage A retrospective study of patients undergoing stand-alone ALIF for degenerative disk disease…

Fig. 22.1 Annular fibers are oriented in a 30° orientation with the endplate (a). This permits a significant torsion prevention potential (arrows) (b). In fact, they are more optimally oriented…

Fig. 15.1 Predicted probabilities and 95 % confidence intervals for internal disk disruption (IDD), facet joint pain (FJP), sacroiliac joint pain (SIJP), and other sources of low back pain (LBP)…

Fig. 13.1 This is a typical graph seen in cost-effectiveness analysis literature comparing incremental costs versus incremental QALYs. The x-axis represents the health benefit in terms of QALYs. The y-axis…

Fig. 54.1 Anatomy of medical research Levels of evidence are defined by the study design and execution, and designs have been variously graded by their potential to eliminate bias [10,…

Fig. 27.1 Steps for an open right L4–L5 TLIF. (a) Exposure of the lamina and articular and transverse processes. (b) Osteotomy at the level of the right L4 pars interarticularis….

  Recommendation 1 Do not operate in case of isolated low back pain 2 Do not operate with short existence of leg pain (<6 weeks), but also do not wait…