Musculoskeletal Key

Periodic Health Evaluations in the Adaptive Athlete

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Periodic Health Evaluations in the Adaptive Athlete

The periodic health evaluation (PHE) is a tool used to assess, monitor, and identify barriers to safe participation in sport. Currently, there are no standards associated with the PHE in…

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Mental Health in Adaptive and Para Athletes

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Mental Health in Adaptive and Para Athletes

Adaptive and para athletes’ mental health and well-being are an essential aspect of their care. These athletes deal with unique factors including lack of accessible facilities and accommodations, cost and…

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Current Concepts for Nerve-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Current Concepts for Nerve-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

This article reviews nerve-based surgical approaches for treating upper-limb spasticity, focusing on their anatomic targets and functional outcomes. Central procedures, like selective dorsal rhizotomy and contralateral C7 transfer, reduce tone…

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Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Muscle-based procedures have been the mainstay of surgical treatment of spastic upper limb deformities, in particular when muscle contractures are a main contributor to the deformity. The type of muscle-based…

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Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Spastic forearm, wrist, and hand deformities in isolation or collectively can markedly hinder function and/or provide challenges with hygiene. When muscle contracture is the main contributor to the spastic deformity,…

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Emerging Role of Cryoneurolysis in Spasticity Management

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Emerging Role of Cryoneurolysis in Spasticity Management

Cryoneurolysis is a minimally invasive procedure, guided by ultrasound and electrical stimulation, that uses controlled freezing to manage spasticity by inducing reversible axonotmesis. It has shown promising outcomes in adult…

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Relationship Between Spinal Reflexes and Spastic Movement Disorders

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Relationship Between Spinal Reflexes and Spastic Movement Disorders

The central nervous system (CNS) generates various motor functions, in part by modulating the excitability of spinal reflex pathways. When a reflex becomes not modulable or its modulation becomes impaired…

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Can Spasticity Be Prevented? Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Can Spasticity Be Prevented? Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Spasticity is a common and disabling consequence of central nervous system injury that evolves progressively over time. Although traditionally viewed as an unavoidable sequela, emerging preclinical and clinical evidence suggests…

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Artificial Intelligence in Spasticity Assessment

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Artificial Intelligence in Spasticity Assessment

This article examines artificial intelligence (AI) applications in spasticity assessment, analyzing technological innovations from 2020 to 2024 literature. Key findings demonstrate potential. Sensor-based systems achieve 91% to 94% accuracy in…

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Neuromuscular Maladaptive Changes in Spastic Muscles and Implications for Spasticity Management

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Neuromuscular Maladaptive Changes in Spastic Muscles and Implications for Spasticity Management

This article reviews the neuromuscular maladaptation in spastic muscles, including motor unit remodeling, muscle fiber changes, and the accumulation of hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix, and fibrosis of connective tissues…

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