Raynaud’s Mimics
Fig. 11.1 Frostbite: These pictures show evidence of frostbite-related tissue injury following accidental prolonged cold exposure. After 36 h of outdoor exposure to freezing conditions, he was rescued and admitted…
Nailfold Capillaroscopy
Fig. 12.1 (a, b) The nailfold videocapillaroscope. The morphology of the nailfold dermal papillary capillaries is being studied by first putting a drop of oil on the nailfold and afterwards…
Surgical Management
Type I Complete occlusion of radial or ulnar artery; decreased flow and narrowing in level 2 and 3 arteries Type II As I, but with stenosis of radial or ulnar…
Practical Approaches to Treatment: Case Studies
Fig. 23.1 Bedside examination of nailfold demonstrates enlarged capillary loops and areas of dropout of capillaries typical of scleroderma In managing this patient it is recognized that she is at…
Secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Classification of Raynaud’s phenomenon Key characteristics Primary Raynaud’s Familiar predisposition, young age of onset, lack of digital ulceration, absence of ANA Secondary Raynaud’s Connective tissue diseases Features of SSc, SLE,…
Pathophysiological Regulation of the Cutaneous Vascular System in Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Fig. 5.1 RP. Schematic represention of RP demonstrating cold-induced constriction and vasospasm of the digital arteries, which precipitates a marked reduction in finger blood flow and contributes to the characteristic…
Thermoregulation: The Normal Structure and Function of the Cutaneous Vascular System
Fig. 4.1 The human cutaneous microvascular system. Three dimensional (3D) structure of the superficial microvascular system of human finger skin obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of corrosion casts [83]….
Other Secondary Causes
Carpal tunnel syndrome Associated with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon Associated with systemic sclerosis (in particular early, rapidly progressive diffuse cutaneous disease) Drugs and toxins Immunosuppressive agents Chemotherapeutic agents Drugs used in…
Clinical Outcome Measures in Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Outcome measure Primary outcome measure (number of trials) Other outcome measures assessed (number of trials) Frequency of attacks 11 [7, 8, 16–24] 5 [25–29] Duration of attacks 6 [7, 8,…
Drug Treatment of Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Fig. 20.1 Treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) Treatment Approach Indications for Drug Therapy Severe RP that is impacting quality of life despite non-pharmacologic therapy. Raynaud’s events with signs of ischemia–reperfusion…
