Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 17.1 (a) Surgical access to the IAN via lateral cortical window. The drilling procedure places the IAN at risk for iatrogenic injury. (b) Surgical access to the IAN via…

Fig. 20.1 Sensory response to nerve injury (Adapted from Zuniga and Essick [63]; with permission) Table 20.1 Common functional impairments for the injured inferior alveolar and lingual nerve Difficulty masticating…

Two phases Early phase: constant vs. moving touch Late phase: directionality Frequency Three or four times a day for a couple of minutes General strategies 1. Quiet surroundings 2. Concentration…

Fig. 15.1 Intratemporal course of the facial nerve. The intratemporal course of the facial nerve consists of three segments: the labyrinthine, tympanic, and mastoid ­segments. The narrow bony confines of…

Fig. 12.1 Etiology of IANI and LNI [16]. The majority of IANI and LNI are caused by third molar surgery, followed by local anesthetics (LA). Only IANIs were also caused…

Fig. 8.1 Vertical ramus osteotomy is performed posterior to the mandibular foramen (lingula region) to avoid injury to the IAN The SSRO divides the mandible in the angular region of…

Fig. 5.1 Medial view of a sagittal section of a human cadaver (medial pterygoid muscle removed) showing the course of the lingual nerve (a), the inferior alveolar nerve (b), and…

Fig. 4.1 Reports to the Danish Medicines Agency of ADRs associated with LA sold in cartridges, 1995–2007. Reports from 2005 may be influenced by peaking sales figures through 2003 and…

Fig. 2.1 Seddon and Sunderland classification of nerve injury based upon histological neural changes 2.3.1.1 Neurapraxia Neurapraxia is seen as motor paralysis, and it is the mildest injury type that…