Stage Grade Location Distant metastasis IB Low grade Intracompartmental No IB Low grade Extracompartmental No IIA High Grade Intracompartmental No IIB High Grade Extracompartmental No III Low or High Intra…
Anatomy and biomechanics Anatomical difference to adult spine Consequence Greater head to body size ratio • Higher rates of upper cervical spine injuries • Neutralisation of spinal alignment on spinal…
Fig. 9.1 Types of FAI Acetabular Deformity An unusually deep acetabulum can cause FAI because the femoral neck is excessively covered. Alternatively a retroverted acetabulum will cause impingement against the…
Fig. 40.1 Equinus feet in a child with cerebral palsy Does Botulinum Toxin Injection Correct Spastic Equinus Deformity and Improve Gait or Function? Botulinum toxin is produced by the anaerobic…
Fig. 32.1 Supracondylar humeral fracture Supracondylar fractures are divided into displaced and undisplaced injures. Undisplaced fractures can be treated non-operatively with immobilisation in an above elbow cast or splint [2]….
Fig. 48.1 Clinical photograph-ingrown toenail Ingrown toenail can be classified into 3 stages. Stage 1 is characterised by pain and inflammation. Stage 2 is essentially stage 1 with infection. Stage…
Grade Description Grade I (very mild) Shoulder joints are level and the deformity is invisible when the patient is dressed Grade II (mild) Shoulder joints are level or almost level…
Fig. 50.1 Atlanto-axial instability in a child with Down’s syndrome Hip Instability in Down’s syndrome Hip dysplasia and instability is not common in children with Down’s syndrome; about 1 to…
Fig. 43.1 This 13 old boy with a simple bone cyst of the humerus had 5 pathological fractures over 5 years and the cyst did not heal Fig. 43.2 A…
Fig. 45.1 Subtle distal tibial injury involving the physis and extending into the joint: notice the relative position of the epiphysis to the metaphysis on the lateral view Although rarely…
